Mitomycin C in the Endoscopic Treatment of Laryngotracheal Stenosis: Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis

Abstract Introduction Mitomycin C is a natural antibiotic that has been used to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts in scar tissue. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical Mitomycin C as an adjuvant in the endoscopic treatment of laryngotracheal stenoses. Data synthesis A systematic review of experimental or observational studies that have evaluated the treatment of laryngotracheal stenoses with the use of topical Mitomycin C was performed. Databases researched: LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. Outcomes: resolution (symptom-free time ≥ one year), number of procedures required, and complications resulting from the procedure. A total of 15 studies (involving 387 patients) were selected. Mitomycin C was administered to every patient in 11 studies, and in 4 other studies, the patients were separated into 2 groups, 1 receiving mitomycin C, and the other not. The resolution of the stenosis evaluated in 12 studies in which the patients received mitomycin C was of 69% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 61-76%; I2 = 17.3%). A total of 52% of the patients (95%CI: 39-64%, 11 studies; I2 = 64.7%) were submitted to a single endoscopic procedure, and 48% (95%CI: 36-61%, 11 studies; I2 = 64.7%) were submitted to more than 1 procedure. Complications (mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, dysphonia, laceration or vocal fold paralysis and acute light obstruction) were reported in 9% of the patients (95%CI: 3-18%, 9 studies; I2 = 79.8%). Conclusions The evidence suggests that mitomycin C is an effective and safe option in the endoscopic treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal adquirida en pediatría / Surgical treatment of acquired tracheal stenosis in pediatrics

La estenosis traqueal adquirida es muy poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica y puede responder a múltiples causas; la estenosis posintubación y la secundaria a traqueotomía son las más comunes.El manejo de la estenosis traqueal adquirida sigue siendo controvertido. El tratamiento endoscópico proporciona el alivio inmediato de los síntomas, pero se asocia a una alta tasa de recurrencia, y el uso de prótesis endoluminales puede incrementar la longitud de la estenosis y complicar una cirugía futura. Por el contrario, se han documentado buenos resultados a largo plazo con la resección traqueal con anastomosis primaria.Se describe nuestra experiencia con la resección traqueal con anastomosis término-terminal para el tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal posintubación en 8 pacientes.

Acquired tracheal stenosis is a very infrequent lesion in the pediatric age group and may be due to diverse causes, being post-intubation stenosis and stenosis secondary to tracheostomy the most common ones.The management of acquired tracheal stenosis remains controversial. Endoscopic treatment provides immediate relief of symptoms but it is associated with a high recurrence rate, and the use of endoluminal prostheses can increase the length of the stricture complicating future surgery. Conversely, good long-term results have been documented with tracheal resection and primary anastomosis.We describe our experience with tracheal resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis for the treatment of post-intubation tracheal stenosis in 8 patients.

Dilatación precoz de estenosis subglótica adquirida posintubación utilizando tubos endotraqueales / Early dilatation of acquired post-intubation subglottic stenosis using endotracheal tubes

RESUMEN Introducción: La estenosis subglótica adquirida es una causa importante de estridor persistente después de una intubación endotraqueal. El diagnóstico y manejo tempranos pueden llevar a procedimientos menos invasivos con altas tasas de éxito. Si las lesiones agudas posintubación evolucionan hacia una estenosis, las dilataciones endoscópicas usando instrumentos romos o balones podrían lograr restablecer un lumen adecuado. Los balones son efectivos, pero caros y obstruyen la vía respiratoria al momento de la dilatación. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia con la dilatación progresiva de estenosis subglótica adquirida posintubación utilizando tubos endotraqueales. Material y método: Revisión retrospectiva de las dilataciones realizadas como tratamiento primario en estenosis subglótica pediátrica adquirida. Resultados: Se incluyeron 16 pacientes con estenosis de grados I a III, con una edad promedio de 2 años y 4 meses. El tiempo promedio de intubación fue de 6,6 días. El número de procedimientos promedio fue de 2, con un rango de 1 a 6. El éxito clínico se logró en todos los pacientes, con resolución de los síntomas respiratorios y evitando la traqueostomía. No hubo complicaciones ni mortalidad asociadas. Conclusión: En esta cohorte, la dilatación subglótica con tubos endotraqueales fue eficaz y segura. Estos están ampliamente disponibles y permiten ventilar al paciente mientras se realiza el procedimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acquired post-intubation subglottic stenosis is one of the most important complications causing persistent stridor after endotracheal intubation. Early diagnosis and management can lead to less-invasive procedures with high success rates. If the acute post-intubation injuries progress into a stenosis, endoscopic dilatations can be attempted to reestablish an adequate lumen. These can be performed using blunt instrument or balloons. Balloons are effective but expensive, and obstruct the airway while dilatating. Aim: Present our experience with progressive blunt dilatation of acquired post-intubation subglottic stenosis using endotracheal tubes. Material and method: Retrospective chart review of dilatations performed as the primary treatment in early acquired pediatric subglottic stenosis. Results: 16 patients with grades I to III stenosis were included. Average age was 2 years 4 months, and average intubation time was 6.6 days. The number of procedures ranged between 1 and 6, with a mean of 2. Clinical success was achieved in all patients, with resolution of respiratory symptoms and avoidance of tracheostomy. There were no complications or mortality. Conclusion: In this cohort, subglottic dilatation using endotracheal tubes was effective and safe. Endotracheal tubes are easily available and allow to ventilate the patient while performing the procedure.

Estenosis subglótica y granulomatosis con poliangeítis (Wegener) en dos casos: Report of two cases / Subglottic tracheal stenosis in Wegener disease

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or Wegener's disease is characterized by a granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower airways and kidney. It involves the lower respiratory tract causing subglottic tracheal stenosis, which occurs in approximately 22% of patients. We report two females aged 40 and 52 years, admitted to the hospital with a subglottic tracheal stenosis. Their symptoms and management are reviewed. The frst patient responded to rituximab. The second patient required a tracheostomy.

Situações especiais nas vasculites pulmonares / Special situations in pulmonary vasculitis

A extensa rede vascular pulmonar e brônquica, associada à grande quantidade de células imunocompetentes, torna os pulmões importante alvo de vasculites imunomediadas. O envolvimento destes vasos sanguíneos pode provocar qualquer sintoma respiratório, dependendo do tipo, local e extensão da lesão no sistema vascular respiratório. Algumas situações ameaçadoras da vida podem resultar, abrindo ou acompanhando o quadro destas patologias e, se não prontamente identificadas e tratadas, podem resultar em risco elevado de morbimortalidade. Destacamos duas destas condições especiais - estenoses de grande vias aéreas e hemorragia alveolar disusa - e descrevemos seus aspectos fisiopatológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos

The extensive pulmonary and bronchial vascular system, associated to large amount of immunocompetent cells, makes the respiratory system an important target of immune mediated vasculitis. These blood vessels involvement can cause any respiratory symptoms, depending on the type, location, and degree of lesion in the pulmonary vascular system. Some life-thereatening conditions may ensue, opening or following the course of those deseases and, if not identified and treated promptly, result in increased risk of morbitidy and mortality. We highlight two of those special situations: large airway stenosis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, describing their pathophysiological clinical and therapeutic aspects

Tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica con Nd-YAG láser / Treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis with Nd-YAG laser

Introducción: la estenosis traqueal corresponde a una complicación común, secundaria a la intubación o a la traqueotomía. Existen varias modalidades en cuanto a su tratamiento, por eso nos propusimos evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica mediante fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo en 160 pacientes, con estenosis traqueal isquémica operados en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas, en el período comprendido de enero de 1987 hasta diciembre del 2010. Se clasificó a las estenosis traqueales postintubación, en 5 grupos, según Luis Rocabado y otros. El método diagnóstico empleado fue la broncoscopia. Los pacientes admitidos en el estudio tenían traqueotomía y fueron clasificados en grupo I y II. Como proceder quirúrgico se realizó fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser y colocación de cánula en T de Montgomery. Los enfermos se valoraron clínica y endoscópicamente al alta y posteriormente en consulta externa durante un período de 1 año. Resultados: el mayor porciento de los pacientes corresponde al sexo femenino. El rango de edad fue entre los 30 y 49 años con una desviación estándar de 36,7 ± 5,0 años. Se clasificaron 93 (58,1 por ciento) pacientes en el grupo I y 67 (41,9 por ciento) en el grupo II. La causa más frecuente de intubación endotraqueal prolongada, fue el politrauma. Se complicaron 13 pacientes, con una mortalidad de 2,5 por ciento. El resultado final se evaluó como bueno en 94 pacientes (58,7 por ciento), satisfactorio en 53 (33,2 por ciento) y malo en 9 (5,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: el tratamiento inicial para las estenosis traqueales isquémicas clasificadas como grado I y II debe ser por vía endoscópica con Nd-YAG láser(AU)

Introduction: Tracheal stenosis is a common complication secondary to intubation or to tracheostomy. There are several treatment modalities to face this problem, hence we suggested that the results of the treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis be evaluated based on photoresection with Nd-YAG laser. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was performed in 160 patients, who suffered ischemic tracheal stenosis and had been operated on at the Otolaryngology Service of the Medical and Surgical Research Center (CIMEQ) in the period from January 1987 to December 2010. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis was classified in five groups, according to Luis Rocabado et al.'s classification. The diagnosing method was bronchoscopy. All the patients included in the study had tracheotomy and were classified into the group I and group II. The surgical procedure performed on patients was photoresection with Nd Yag laser and placement of Montgomery's T- stent. The patients were clinically and endoscopically evaluated at discharge and afterwards at the outpatient service for one year. Results: The highest percentage of patients was females. The age range was 30 to 49 years, with SD= 36.7 ± 5. 0 years. Ninety three (58.1 percent) were classified in group I whereas 67 (41.9 percent) were included in group II. The most frequent cause in extended endotracheal intubation was multiple trauma. Thirteen patients suffered complications; the mortality rate was 2.5 percent. The final result was evaluated as good in 94 (58.7 percent), satisfactory in 53 (33.2 percent) and negative in 9 (5.6 percent) patients. Conclusions: The initial treatment for ischemic tracheal stenoses classified as grade I and II should be endoscopic by using Nd-YAG laser(AU)

Prognostic Factors for Endotracheal Silicone Stenting in the Management of Inoperable Post-Intubation Tracheal Stenosis

PURPOSE: Stenting has been developed to deal with airway stenosis and is applicable in patients with post-intubation tracheal stenosis (PITS) in whom surgery would not be indicated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors in inoperable patients in whom a silicone stent was inserted due to PITS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 55 PITS patients undergoing silicone stenting between January 2001 and December 2009. RESULTS: Silicone stent was inserted to narrowed trachea after the combination of pre-dilatation including laser cauterization, mechanical bougienation and ballooning. Following airway stabilization, the stent could be removed successfully in 40% (22/55) of the patients after median 12 months of stenting. However, in 60% (33/55) of patients, the stent could not be removed successfully and surgical management was needed after initial stabilization. Multivariate analysis revealed that the stent could be successfully removed more frequently in those who do not have cardiovascular disease [odds ratio (OR)=12.195; p=0.036] and the intervention was performed within 6 months after intubation (OR=13.029; p=0.031). CONCLUSION: Among those patients undergoing silicone stenting due to PITS, the stent could be successfully removed when patients do not have cardiovascular disease and stented within 6 months after intubation.

El arte de manejo de traqueostomía: uso de traqueostomo casero como alternativa a la crisis / The art of management of tracheostomy: use of home traquestom with alternative to the crisis

Actualmente, la invención de materiales sintéticos ha mejorado los tubos para traqueostomía y han reducido la tasa de complicaciones del procedimiento de traqueostomía. La prolongada incubación de este proceso de insolvencia en nuestro país, ha producido una escases importante de insumos médicos quirúrgicos, lo que trae como consecuencia, ciertas improvisaciones con el fin de aliviar la carga al enfermo y así contribuir con una mejor calidad de vida para este. En este trabajo, describimos y proponemos y tipo de traqueostomo casero, con lo cual hemos ayudado a algunos pacientes a resolver el déficit de los mismos en el mercado interno nacional

Currently, the invention of synthetic materials has improved the tracheotomy tubes and it has reduced the rate of the complications from the procedure of tracheotomy. The prolonged incubation process of the insolvency in our country, has produced a major severe surgical and medical supplies, which comes as a result and certain improvisations in reducing the burden to the sick, and thus contribute to a better quality of life for the patient. In this paper, we describe and propose a type of made home tracheostom, which we have helped some of patients to resolve the deficit of the same national domestic market

Estenoses benignas da via aérea: tratamento endoscópico / Benign airway stenosis: endoscopic treatment

O objetivo do presente trabalho é uma revisão do tratamento endoscópico das estenoses laringotraqueais benignas. O tratamento de eleição para este tipo de estenose é a ressecção com anastomose primária. Entretanto, nem sempre essa situação pode ser alcançada devido a natureza, extensão e localização das estenoses. O tratamento endoscópico é uma alternativa em casos nos quais a ressecção não é possível ou após complicações ou insucessos nas ressecções prévias. O tratamento endoscópico inclui dilatações, ressecção endoscópica com eletrocautério, laser, argon plasma coagulation, crioterapia, braquiterapia e a utilização de endopróteses. Todos esses métodos de dilatação mecânica produzem um resultado imediato satisfatório, com aumento da via aérea e melhora dos sintomas clínicos, mas a durabilidade da terapia continua problemática. Em poucos dias ou semanas retornam os sintomas que obrigam repetidas reintervenções. As endopróteses são divididas em: silicone rígido e metálico autoexpansível. As endopróteses de silicone são as mais utilizadas na literatura e com o maior seguimento em longo prazo. As endopróteses metálicas autoexpansíveis foram introduzidas mais recentemente, e, devido à facilidade de aplicação, ocorreram abusos na utilização com diversas complicações. Mais recentemente, as endopróteses chamadas “híbridas” congregam componentes metálicos autoexpansíveis com uma cobertura de silicone.

This review focuses on endoscopic treatment of benign laryngotracheal stenoses. The standard treatment for laryngotracheal stenoses is surgical resection and reconstruction of the primary airway. However, when surgical resection is not feasible due to the nature, extent, or location of the stenosis, endoscopy presents an alternative for treating complications and for the management of previous unsuccessful resections. Endoscopic treatment includes electrocauterization, laser resection, argon plasma coagulation, cryotherapy, brachytherapy,and stent placement. Although endoluminal approaches have been shown to improve luminal patency, none have produced consistent results and the durability of their effects remains problematic, resulting in a high rate of repeat interventions. There are two basic types of stents: silicon stents; and self-expandable metal stents. Silicon stents are less expensive, more widely available, and still the most often studied. However, the newer, metal stents are easier to insert and position. Therefore, metal stents have been overused, resulting in complications. Recently, “hybrid” stents, such as one composed of a metal scaffold and a silicon coating with self-expandable capabilities, have been introduced.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal en pediatría / Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis in pediatrics

Veinte pacientes con estenosis de tráquea fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre julio de 2005y mayo de 2008, diez con estenosis congénita y diez de origen adquirido.La sobrevida global fue de 85 por ciento. Fallecieron tres pacientes, uno con estenosis adquirida y dos conestenosis congénita.De los diecisiete sobrevivientes, quince se encuentran asintomáticos; dos pacientes operados por estenosis congénita requieren controlesperiódicos (ambos con tutores endoluminales [stents] colocados).La estenosis traqueal adquirida presenta menos complicaciones, requiere menos asistencia respiratoria y menor estadía hospitalaria en el posoperatorio. Los pacientes con estenosis traquealcongénita necesitan, generalmente, másde un procedimiento terapéutico y presentan mayor mortalidad.

Endotracheal tuberculous stenosis: Ventilation rescue and bronchography guided stenting.

We present the case of a 16-year-old female patient who presented with dyspnoea, cough and noisy breathing that progressed further in hospital with the development of stridor and severe respiratory compromise requiring mechanical ventilatory support. Investigations were consistent with a diagnosis of endotracheal tuberculosis with tracheal and bronchial stenosis. Despite adequate anti-tuberculous therapy and ventilation the patient had high airway pressures, low tidal volumes and hypercapnia, which prevented weaning from mechanical ventilation. Balloon dilatation and stenting of the 4.5cm long, 2.3mm diameter stenotic tracheal segment was performed under radiological guidance. The patient was weaned successfully from the ventilator post-procedure. This report illustrates the successful management of an uncommon presentation of a common disease with modern endoscopic therapy.

Tubo en T de Montgomery en el tratamiento de la estenosis isquémica laringotraqueal y traqueal / Montgomery T-tube in the treatment of layngotracheal and tracheal ischemic stenosis

INTRODUCCIÓN. La colocación de un tubo en T es una alternativa segura en pacientes con estenosis isquémica laringotraqueal y traqueal, para quienes no está indicada la resección y anastomosis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los resultados obtenidos con esta prótesis. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de 69 pacientes consecutivos, a quienes se colocó un tubo en T entre noviembre de 1991 y septiembre de 2002. Las variables estudiadas fueron promedio de edad, sexo, extensión de la estenosis, práctica de resección y localización de esta: subglótica o traqueal. Las variables de respuesta fueron las complicaciones y la recidiva. El análisis estadístico comprendió técnicas univariadas (prueba de Fisher y ji al cuadrado) y multivariadas (modelo de regresión logística). RESULTADOS. El porcentaje de complicaciones fue 33,3 por ciento y las más frecuentes comprendieron granulomas traqueales, infección local, fístula cervical tardía y obstrucción del tubo. El promedio de edad (p = 0,045) y la localización traqueal de la lesión (p = 0,035) se asociaron al fallo de la operación. Con el análisis multivariado se demostró la influencia del promedio de edad (p = 0,036) sobre la aparición de recidivas. Finalmente, 55 pacientes (80,9 por ciento) tuvieron resultados buenos o satisfactorios. CONCLUSIONES. El tubo en T de Montgomery fue útil cuando no estuvo indicada la resección y anastomosis término-terminal. En un grupo significativo de pacientes se pueden esperar resultados satisfactorios de su uso como tratamiento único(AU)

INTRODUCTION. The placement of a T-tube is a safe alternative in patients with laryngotracheal or tracheal ischemic stenosis for those who have not been indicated resection or anastomosis. The objective of the present study was to analyze the result obtained with this prosthesis. METHODS. A prospective and descriptive study of 69 consecutive patients that were placed a T-tube between November 1991 and September 2002 was conducted. The studied variables were age, sex, extension of stenosis, resection practice, and its localization (subglotic or tracheal). The response variables were the complications and relapses. The statistical analysis included univariate (Fisher's test and Chi square test) and multivariate techniques (logistic regression model). RESULTS. The percentage of complications was 33.3 percent and the most frequent were tracheal granulomas, local infection, late cervical fistula and tube obstruction. Average age (p = 0.045) and the tracheal localization of the lesion (p = 0.035) were associated with surgery failure. The influence of average age (p = 0.036) on the appearance of relapses was proved by multivariate analysis. Finally, 55 patients (80.9 percent) had good or satisfactory results. CONCLUSIONS. Montgomery's T-tube was useful when resection and termino-terminal anastomosis were not indicated. Satisfactory results of its use as a unique treatment may be expected in a significant group of patients(AU)

Desenvolvimento de uma órtese de Dumon modificada para aplicações traqueais: um estudo experimental em cães / Development of a modified Dumon stent for tracheal applications: an experimental study in dogs

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desenvolvimento de uma órtese de silicone e os testes in vivo de compatibilidade e aplicabilidade na traquéia canina normal. MÉTODOS: Quatro densidades de silicone foram testadas para a obtenção de protótipos. Para cada densidade, foi calculada a pressão exigida para causar a compressão, considerando-se uma área de contato de 1 cm² e uma redução de 30 por cento no diâmetro. A densidade selecionada foi 70-75 Shore A hardness. Adicionou-se sulfato de bário em pó ao silicone para tornar a órtese desenvolvida radiopaca e facilmente identificável ao exame radiológico. A órtese desenvolvida apresenta superfície externa corrugada com arcos salientes e descontínuos, semelhantes aos anéis traqueobrônquicos, para intercalação e fixação nas vias aéreas inferiores, superfície interna polida e extremidades lisas que evitam o dano por fricção. O protótipo considerado como sendo o mais adequado em termos de rigidez e flexibilidade foi implantado broncoscopicamente em traquéias caninas normais. Os animais foram sacrificados após oito semanas, e a traquéia foi removida para análise anatomopatológica. RESULTADOS: Não houve complicações após a implantação das órteses. Nenhuma precisou ser removida, e todas estavam bem posicionadas ao final de oito semanas. O estudo histopatológico mostrou que a membrana basal epitelial foi preservada. Foram observados pontos focais de desnudamento epitelial, leve infiltrado inflamatório sob a mucosa e, mais raramente, tecido de granulação com neoformação vascular e ausência de microorganismos. CONCLUSÕES: A órtese desenvolvida mostrou resistência aos esforços mecânicos e biocompatibilidade, não provocando reação tecidual adversa na traquéia canina, além de permanecer íntegra ao final do experimento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a silicone stent and perform in vivo testing for biocompatibility/applicability in the normal canine trachea. METHODS: Four different densities were tested in order to obtain the silicone prototypes. The pressure required for compression considering a contact area of 1 cm2, and a 30 percent reduction in diameter was calculated for each density. The best density was 70-75 Shore A hardness. Powdered barium sulfate was added to the silicone to make the stent radiopaque and easily identifiable in radiological imaging. This novel stent presents a corrugated external surface with discontinuous and protruding arcs resembling the tracheobronchial rings (for intercalation and fixation in the lumen of the lower airways), a highly polished inner surface and smooth extremities (to prevent friction-related damage). The prototype considered most appropriate in terms of rigidity and flexibility was bronchoscopically implanted in normal canine tracheas. After eight weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the tracheas were removed for anatomopathological analysis. RESULTS: There were no postimplantation complications, and none had to be removed. After eight weeks, the devices were found to be well-positioned. Histopathology revealed a well-preserved epithelial basal membrane, foci of denuded epithelium, mild submucosal inflammatory infiltrate with scattered granulation tissue, vascular neoformation, and no microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: The stent developed proved resistant to mechanical stress, biocompatible in the canine trachea and well-preserved at the study endpoint.

Endoprótese auto-expansível de malha de poliéster revestida por silicone (Polyflex®) no tratamento de estenoses traqueais não-cirúrgicas / Self-expanding stent made of polyester mesh with silicon coating (Polyflex®) in the treatment of inoperable tracheal stenoses

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prótese Polyflex® quanto à sua eficácia, facilidade de implantação e complicações em pacientes com afecções traqueobrônquicas. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados, prospectivamente, dezesseis pacientes com estenoses traqueais secundárias à intubação orotraqueal (n = 12), neoplasia (n = 3) e granulomatose de Wegener (n = 1), não candidatos a tratamento cirúrgico. Desses, onze eram mulheres e cinco eram homens, com idade média de 42,8 anos (intervalo de 21 a 72 anos). Os pacientes foram submetidos à implantação de um total de 21 próteses Polyflex®. Os procedimentos foram realizados no centro cirúrgico, sob anestesia geral e as próteses implantadas através de laringoscopia de suspensão e aplicador próprio. RESULTADOS: Em todos os casos foi possível implantar a prótese e observamos resolução de sintomas. Os pacientes permaneceram com a prótese por tempo médio de 7,45 meses, variando entre 2 e 18 meses. As complicações pós-operatórias imediatas observadas foram disfonia em dois pacientes (12,5 por cento) e odinofagia em dois pacientes (12,5 por cento). As complicações tardias foram tosse em dez pacientes (62,5 por cento), migração em sete pacientes (43,75 por cento), formação de granulomas em dois pacientes (12,5 por cento) e pneumonia em um paciente (6,25 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A prótese Polyflex® é fácil de implantar e retirar, é bem tolerada e efetiva na resolução dos sintomas, porém, está associada a alto índice de migração, principalmente em estenoses pós-intubação orotraqueal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Polyflex® stent in terms of its efficacy, ease of implantation, and complications in patients with tracheobronchial affections. METHODS: This was a prospective study, in which sixteen patients with inoperable tracheal stenosis secondary to orotracheal intubation (n = 12), neoplasia (n = 3), or Wegener's granulomatosis (n = 1) were monitored. Of these patients, eleven were women, and five were men. The mean age was 42.8 years (range, 21-72 years). Patients were submitted to implantation of a total of 21 Polyflex® stents. All procedures were carried out in the operating room under general anesthesia, and the stents were implanted via suspension laryngoscopy using the stent applicator. RESULTS: Stents were implanted and symptoms were resolved in all cases. The stents remained in place for a mean period of 7.45 months, ranging from 2 to 18 months. The complications observed in the immediate postoperative period were dysphonia (in two patients, 12.5 percent) and odynophagia (in two patients, 12.5 percent). Late complications were cough (in ten patients, 62.5 percent), migration (in seven patients, 43.75 percent), granuloma formation (in two patients, 12.5 percent), and pneumonia (in one patient, 6.25 percent). CONCLUSION: The Polyflex® stent is easily implanted, easily removed, well tolerated by patients and effective in resolving symptoms. However, its use is associated with a high rate of migration, especially in patients with post-orotracheal intubation stenosis.

Estenosis traqueal / Tracheal stenosis

Se presenta una revisión restrospectiva de nuestra experiencia en el manejo de la estenosis traqueal en un grupo de nueve pacientes desde marzo de 1996 a julio de 1998, describiendo el estudio y tratamiento de estos pacientes centrados principalmente en la técnica de resección traqueal. Todos los pacientes fueron reconstituidos en su vía aérea, logrando un calibre traqueal satisfactorio. Tres pacientes tuvieron complicaciones postoperatorias y no hubo mortalidad. Se concluye que esta técnica es la indicación de elección en la estenosis traqueal, siendo segura y eficiente

Estenosis laringotraqueal. Etiología y tratamiento en el Hospital Central Militar / Laringo-tracheal stenosis. Ethiology and treatment in the Military Central Hospital

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1992 y mayo de 1997 en el Hospital Central Militar, en el que se buscaron los casos de pacientes con estenosis laringotraqueal congénita o adquirida que acudieron a consulta por ese motivo al Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello, de ambos sexos y de cualquier edad. Se estudiaron 38 pacientes en los que se identificó el sitio de la estenosis, la causa, el resultado del tratamiento, las complicaciones piscológicas y el número de casos por año que acudieron a consulta al Hospital Central Militar; 18 pacientes (47 por ciento) presentaron estenosis subglótica y 4 (10 por ciento), estenosis combinada. La causa más común (76 por ciento) fue trauma laríngeo interno por intubación endotraqueal, seguida de trauma laríngeo externo por accidentes automovilísticos y riñas (10 por ciento), congénitas (5 por ciento), infecciosas (5 por ciento) e idiopáticas (2 por ciento). El tratamiento primario incluyó resección del tejido de granulación con LASER o dilatación con broncoscopio, fue satisfactorio en 24 pacientes (63 por ciento), y no satisfactorio en 4 pacientes (10.5 por ciento). Las complicaciones psicológicas se presentaron en 7 (18 por ciento). La frecuencia promedio por año fue de 6 casos

Estenosis traqueal / Tracheal stenosis

Los autores realizan una revisión del tema de la estenosis traqueal, dirigido fundamentalmente a los distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos utilizados en su reparación. Se da especial importancia a la resección de la lesión y su anastómosis terminoterminal, describiendo la técnica quirúrgica. Ellos analizan tres casos clínicos tratados en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Sótero del Río, comentando las complicaciones y dificultades en su manejo

Estenosis traqueales: manejo quirúrgico a propósito de tres casos / Estenosis traqueales: surgical handling with regard to three cases

Analiza que las estenosis traqueales (ET) son complicaciones frecuentes dentro de las enfermedades tributarias de la cirugía cardiotorácica; la causa más común es la intubación endotraqueal, sigue en menor porcentaje la traqueotomía, escleroma respiratorio, carcinoma de tiroides con invasión a traque y finalmente el traumatismo extrínsecos de cuello. La técnica quirúrgica mas idónea en la actualidad es la anastomosis término terminal de la traquea. (ATT). Se estudian los 3 únicos casos de ET que fueron operados en el período: ene./91-ago./96 en el HCAM, tuvieron como causas desencadenantes la intubación endotraqueal, el tiempo de intubación fue de 30 minutos, 12 días y 7 días, se hallaron obstrucciones del 50xciento, 80xciento y 100xciento; a todos se los practicó ETT, se describe el tratamiento de estos pacientes y se demuestran los resultados ç, que fueron satisfactorios desde el punto de vista anatómico y funcional...